Comparative Pharmacology
Head-to-head clinical analysis: HALOTHANE versus KETALAR.
Peer-Reviewed Evidence
Head-to-head clinical analysis: HALOTHANE versus KETALAR.
HALOTHANE vs KETALAR
Comparing the clinical profiles, pharmacokinetic behaviors, and safety indices of these two therapeutic agents.
Halothane is a volatile halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetic that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors and glycine receptors, and inhibits NMDA and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to neuronal hyperpolarization and general anesthesia.
Noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist; inhibits glutamate activity, modulates opioid receptors, and interacts with other neurotransmitter systems.
Induction: 0.5-3% in oxygen or oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture, titrated to effect; Maintenance: 0.5-2% in oxygen or oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture.
1-4.5 mg/kg IV or 6.5-13 mg/kg IM for induction of anesthesia; 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/min IV infusion for maintenance.
None Documented
None Documented
Clinical Note
moderateHalothane + Torasemide
"The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Halothane is combined with Torasemide."
Clinical Note
moderateHalothane + Etacrynic acid
"The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Halothane is combined with Etacrynic acid."
Clinical Note
moderateHalothane + Furosemide
"The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Halothane is combined with Furosemide."
Clinical Note
moderateHalothane + Bumetanide
Terminal elimination half-life approximately 5-10 hours post-anesthesia, with a slower terminal phase (up to 3 days) due to redistribution from fat stores. Clinically, washout is rapid initially but prolonged exposure in obese patients may lead to detectable levels for days.
Terminal elimination half-life: 2.5-3 hours (ketamine); norketamine: 12 hours. Clinical context: Short half-life facilitates rapid recovery, but context-sensitive half-life increases with infusion duration.
Primarily eliminated via pulmonary excretion (60-80% unchanged); approximately 20% metabolized in liver via CYP2E1, with metabolites excreted renally (trifluoroacetic acid, chloride, bromide). Only about 0.5% excreted unchanged in urine. Fecal excretion negligible.
Renal: 90% as metabolites (norketamine, dehydronorketamine); unchanged: 2-4%. Fecal: <3%.
Category C
Category C
General Anesthetic
General Anesthetic
"The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Halothane is combined with Bumetanide."