Comparative Pharmacology
Head-to-head clinical analysis: STADOL versus ULTRAM.
Peer-Reviewed Evidence
Head-to-head clinical analysis: STADOL versus ULTRAM.
STADOL vs ULTRAM
Comparing the clinical profiles, pharmacokinetic behaviors, and safety indices of these two therapeutic agents.
Partial agonist at mu-opioid receptors and agonist at kappa-opioid receptors in the CNS, altering pain perception and emotional response to pain.
Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic that binds to μ-opioid receptors and inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake.
Butorphanol tartrate 1-2 mg IV or IM every 3-4 hours as needed for pain; alternatively, 0.5-1 mg IV every 3-4 hours. For nasal spray: 1 mg (one spray) in one nostril, may repeat in 60-90 minutes if needed; then 1 mg every 3-4 hours as needed.
50-100 mg orally every 4-6 hours as needed for pain; maximum 400 mg/day (for extended-release: 100 mg once daily, titrated up to 300 mg once daily).
None Documented
None Documented
Terminal elimination half-life: 2.5-4 hours; clinically, prolonged in hepatic impairment (up to 10-12 hours) and elderly
Tramadol: ~6 hours; M1 metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol): ~7 hours; prolonged in renal/hepatic impairment
Renal: 85-90% as unchanged drug and metabolites (primarily as glucuronide conjugates); Fecal: <10%; Biliary: minimal
Renal: ~90% (tramadol and metabolites; conjugated metabolites are major), Fecal: ~10%
Category C
Category C
Opioid Analgesic
Opioid Analgesic