General Surgery

Acute abdomen assessment is anchored by the Alvarado scoring system for acute appendicitis, which combines symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings to stratify patients into low, moderate, and high probability groups. The MANTRELS score provides an alternative approach incorporating similar clinical parameters.

The Clavien-Dindo classification has become the standard for reporting surgical complications across all specialties, grading adverse events from Grade I (minor deviation from normal postoperative course) to Grade V (death). This enables standardized comparison of surgical outcomes across institutions and procedures.

The ACS NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator provides procedure-specific predictions of 15 postoperative outcomes including mortality, morbidity, length of stay, and readmission, using 21 preoperative risk factors. It supports preoperative counseling, informed consent, and risk-adjusted quality benchmarking.