Pulmonary

Pulmonary function test (PFT) interpretation follows ATS/ERS standards, using the lower limit of normal (LLN) or fixed ratio (FEV1/FVC <0.70) to identify obstructive and restrictive patterns. The GOLD spirometric grading system classifies COPD severity from Grade 1 (mild, FEV1 ≥80%) to Grade 4 (very severe, FEV1 <30%), guiding pharmacotherapy escalation and pulmonary rehabilitation referral.

Pulmonary nodule risk assessment using the Brock University Calculator and the Mayo Clinic model estimates malignancy probability in solitary pulmonary nodules detected on CT, guiding surveillance intervals, PET imaging, and biopsy decisions. These tools reduce unnecessary invasive procedures for benign nodules while ensuring timely diagnosis of early-stage lung cancer.

Asthma control is assessed using the Asthma Control Test (ACT), a validated 5-item patient-reported questionnaire. The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale quantify symptom burden and guide treatment according to the GOLD ABCD assessment framework.