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AKPS — Australia-modified Karnofsky Performance Status BODE Index (Palliative context)CAM-S (Confusion Assessment Method - Severity)CPOT (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool)Death Rattle Scoring (Victoria)Distress Thermometer Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r)FAST Scale (Dementia)IPOS (Integrated Palliative Outcome Scale)Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS)Menten Score Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose (MEDD)Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC)Opioid Risk Tool (ORT)PAINAD Scale Palliative Performance Scale (PPSv2)Palliative Prognostic (PaP) Score Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI)Respiratory Distress Observation Scale (RDOS)Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS-PAL)Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM)e-PaP Score

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Death Rattle Scoring (Victoria)

Multi-Modal End-of-Life Triage • Victoria & Back's Validated

Victoria Congestion Scale

Back's Audibility Scale

Family Distress Level

Ready for Assessment

Combine audibility, congestion, and family distress to guide terminal care interventions.

Guidelines & Evidence

Verified

Last Review: 2026

When to Use

Clinical Utility

Assessment of upper airway "noisy breathing" in the actively dying patient.

Monitoring for family and listener distress (resonance with feelings).

Guidance for initiating non-pharmacological (repositioning) or pharmacological (anticholinergics) interventions.

Education and normalization of end-of-life phenomena for bereaved families.

Last Comprehensive Review: 2026

Related Palliative Care Tools

Death Rattle Scoring

Palliative Performance Scale

Palliative Prognostic

Seattle Heart Failure Model

Distress Thermometer

AKPS — Australia-modified Karnofsky Performance Status

Respiratory Distress Observation Scale

Opioid Risk Tool

Palliative Care Calculators Internal Medicine Calculators Emergency Medicine Calculators

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