Urology

Prostate cancer risk stratification uses multiple validated tools. The PCPT and ERSPC risk calculators estimate prostate cancer risk on biopsy based on PSA, DRE, age, ethnicity, family history, and prior biopsy history. These tools guide shared decision-making regarding prostate biopsy and reduce unnecessary procedures in men at low risk.

Urologic oncology staging follows AJCC 8th Edition for prostate, bladder, kidney, testicular, and penile cancers. The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade groups (1-5) for prostate cancer have replaced the traditional Gleason scoring system for prognostic classification, with Grade Group 1 (Gleason ≤6) having a 10-year biochemical recurrence-free survival exceeding 95% after radical prostatectomy.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) assessment using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the AUA Symptom Index, and various voiding diaries provides standardized evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) severity and treatment response. The STONE score and other nephrolithiasis risk calculators guide medical expulsive therapy and metabolic stone prevention.