Pathology

Acid-base disorder interpretation tools

Acid-base disorder interpretation requires systematic assessment of pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 using the anion gap, delta-delta ratio, and Winter's formula. These tools differentiate simple from mixed acid-base disorders, identify the primary disturbance, and determine appropriate compensation, guiding life-saving interventions in critically ill patients.

Thyroid cytopathology with Bethesda classification

Thyroid cytopathology reporting follows The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC), which categorizes FNA results into six diagnostic categories (I-VI) with implied malignancy risks ranging from 0-3% (Benign) to nearly 100% (Malignant). These categories guide clinical management from clinical follow-up to total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection.

Melanoma and prostate cancer prognostic nomograms

Cutaneous melanoma prognosis is determined by Breslow thickness (vertical tumor invasion measured in millimeters), the most powerful predictor of survival. The Partin tables predict pathological stage at radical prostatectomy based on preoperative PSA, clinical T-stage, and biopsy Gleason score, guiding decisions between radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and active surveillance.