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Beers Criteria (PIMs)

2023 AGS Beers Criteria — Check any medications present on the patient's current medication list.

Select all that apply to current medication list

Central Nervous System

Anticholinergics

Cardiovascular

Pain & Anti-inflammatory

Endocrine & Diabetes

GI Drugs

Guidelines & Evidence

Clinical Details

Section 1

When to Use

When to Use

Medication reconciliation review in all patients ≥ 65 at admission, discharge, and routine clinic review.
Polypharmacy assessment — particularly when > 5 medications are prescribed.
Pre-operative medication review to reduce perioperative drug-related adverse events.
Pharmacy-led deprescribing rounds in long-term care and nursing home settings.

Scope of the Beers Criteria

The 2023 AGS Beers Criteria covers 5 categories: (1) PIMs in all older adults, (2) PIMs in specific diseases/conditions, (3) drugs to use with caution, (4) drug-drug interactions, (5) drugs to avoid or adjust for renal impairment.
Section 2

Formula & Logic

Key PIM Categories (All Older Adults)

AnticholinergicsAvoid: TCAs, first-gen antihistamines, oxybutynin, belladonna alkaloids
AntithromboticsAvoid aspirin > 100mg/day; use with caution if > 75 years + GI risk
CVS drugsAvoid: Digoxin > 0.125mg/day; nifedipine short-acting; alpha-1 blockers for HTN
CNS drugsAvoid: Benzodiazepines (all), non-BZD hypnotics (Z-drugs), antipsychotics unless schizophrenia/bipolar
EndocrineAvoid: Sliding-scale insulin; long-acting sulfonylureas (glibenclamide, chlorpropamide)
GI drugsAvoid: Metoclopramide, mineral oil, trimethobenzamide
Pain drugsAvoid: NSAIDs (systemic), indomethacin, ketorolac, meperidine, skeletal muscle relaxants
Section 3

Pearls/Pitfalls

Beers vs. STOPP/START

Beers Criteria is primarily US-focused and does not include prescribing omissions (drugs that SHOULD be started). STOPP/START (European) identifies both potentially inappropriate drugs (STOPP) and evidence-based drugs that are being omitted (START). Both tools have complementary value and should ideally be used together.

Not an Absolute Contraindication List

Beers Criteria items are "potentially" inappropriate — not unconditionally contraindicated. Clinical context, patient goals, and expected benefit always supersede list-based rules. Document the rationale when prescribing a Beers-listed drug after risk-benefit assessment.
Section 4

Next Steps

Deprescribing Approach

Section 5

Evidence Appraisal

Primary Reference

2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults.

American Geriatrics Society 2023 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. • J Am Geriatr Soc.. 2023;71(7):2052–2081. Systematic review-based update; covers 5 categories of medication concerns in older adults.

Section 6

Origins

Mark Beers — Northwestern University

Originally developed by Mark Beers at Northwestern University in 1991, initially focused on nursing home residents. The criteria were subsequently expanded to all community-dwelling older adults and adopted by the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) for iterative updates (1997, 2003, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2023). The 2023 update is the most comprehensive, incorporating systematic literature reviews and formal expert consensus using modified Delphi methodology.

Last Comprehensive Review: 2026

Related Geriatrics Tools

4AT
ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator
AD8 Dementia Screening
Anticholinergic Burden Score
Barthel Index
Berg Balance Scale
Braden Scale
CAM — Confusion Assessment Method
Clinical Dementia Rating
Clinical Frailty Scale
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