APGARNewborn Clinical Assessment
Clinical Signs
Record score at 1 and 5 minutes. If the 5-minute score is < 7, continue scoring every 5 minutes up to 20 minutes. Do not delay resuscitation to calculate the APGAR score.
APGAR Calculator
Select a value for all 5 clinical signs (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) to view the total score and interpretation.
Guidelines & Evidence
Verified
Last Review: 2026-07-17
When to Use
Primary Clinical Uses
Standardised rapid assessment of a newborn's physical condition immediately after birth
Documenting transition to extrauterine life at 1 and 5 minutes post-partum
Guiding the potential need for escalated monitoring or prolonged observation
When NOT to Use
Do NOT use the APGAR score to determine the initial need for neonatal resuscitation. Resuscitation (if needed) must begin immediately at birth before the 1-minute score is assigned based on the infant's initial tone, breathing, and heart rate.
How it Works
Scoring Variables (0 to 2 points each)
| Appearance (Color) | Pale/blue (0) | Pink body/blue extremities (1) | Completely pink (2) |
| Pulse (Heart Rate) | Absent (0) | < 100 bpm (1) | ≥ 100 bpm (2) |
| Grimace (Reflex irritability) | No response (0) | Grimace/weak cry (1) | Vigorous cry/withdrawal (2) |
| Activity (Muscle Tone) | Flaccid/limp (0) | Some flexion (1) | Active motion (2) |
| Respiration (Breathing) | Absent (0) | Slow/irregular (1) | Good/crying (2) |
Score Interpretation
| 7–10 | Reassuring |
| 4–6 | Moderately abnormal |
| 0–3 | Low / critically low |
Clinical Pearls
Key Strengths
Rapid, non-invasive, and universally standardized communication tool among providers
Requires zero equipment aside from a stethoscope and a timer
Known Limitations
Highly subjective, especially regarding color (Appearance) and tone (Activity)
Color interpretation can be biased and less reliable in neonates with darker skin tones
Does not reliably predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes (e.g., cerebral palsy)
Prematurity, maternal sedation/anesthesia, and congenital anomalies can artificially lower the score independently of asphyxia
Next Steps
Score 7–10 — Reassuring
01
Continue routine post-natal care
02
Proceed with standard newborn assessment and maternal bonding
Score 4–6 — Moderately Abnormal
01
Provide stimulation and clear airway as needed
02
Apply supplemental oxygen if clinically indicated
03
Repeat score every 5 minutes (up to 20 mins) if the score remains below 7
Score 0–3 — Critically Low
01
Initiate immediate Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) protocols
02
Consider umbilical cord blood gas analysis for objective metabolic assessment
03
Prepare for potential NICU transfer or escalated care
The Evidence
Original Derivation
A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant.
Apgar V. • Curr Res Anesth Analg.. 1953;32(4):260-267. The foundational paper establishing the 10-point scoring system still used worldwide.
Current Guidelines
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) dictate that the APGAR score is a retrospective descriptor of resuscitation efforts, not a trigger. Resuscitation must never be delayed to wait for the 1-minute APGAR.
Origins & History
Dr. Virginia Apgar
Developed in 1952 by Dr. Virginia Apgar, an anesthesiologist at Columbia University. She designed the tool to objectively assess the effects of maternal obstetric anesthesia on newborns, standardizing a previously chaotic post-partum assessment.
The APGAR Acronym
The backronym (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) was not Dr. Apgar's original naming. It was coined in 1963 by Dr. Joseph Butterfield as a convenient mnemonic for pediatricians and nurses.
Last Comprehensive Review: 2026-07-17