| TSH | Free T4 | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| High | Low | Primary Hypothyroidism |
| High | Normal | Subclinical Hypothyroidism |
| Low | High | Primary Hyperthyroidism |
| Low | Normal | Subclinical Hyperthyroidism |
| Normal | Low | Central Hypo or Sick Euthyroid |
| Normal/High | High | Thyroid Hormone Resistance/TSHoma |
TSH is the most sensitive screen because of the log-linear relationship between TSH and FT4. Very small changes in free hormone levels result in large changes in TSH. If TSH is normal, overt thyroid disease is highly unlikely (except in rare central pathologies).
High doses of Biotin (found in "hair, skin, and nails" supplements) can cause false results in many immunoassays, characteristically mimicking Graves' disease: Low TSH and High FT4. Patients should stop biotin for at least 48 hours before thyroid testing.
Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults.
2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis.
Lab Note:Reference ranges vary significantly between laboratories. Always interpret in context of local lab normative data and patient's clinical symptoms.