Obstetrics and Gynecology

Maternal-fetal medicine relies on accurate pregnancy dating, fetal growth assessment, and risk stratification. The APGAR score at 1 and 5 minutes remains the universal standard for newborn assessment, while the Bishop score evaluates cervical favorability for induction of labor.

Preeclampsia screening and diagnosis uses validated clinical criteria including blood pressure thresholds, proteinuria assessment, and maternal risk factors. Early identification and severity stratification guide delivery timing and magnesium sulfate prophylaxis for seizure prevention.

Gynecologic oncology staging follows the FIGO staging systems for cervical, endometrial, ovarian, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. These stages guide surgical planning, radiation therapy, and systemic treatment decisions in accordance with NCCN and ESGO guidelines.