Adults with BMI ≥25 kg/m² (≥23 in Asians) and one or more risk factors (first-degree relative, high-risk ethnicity, history of CVD, hypertension, HDL <35 mg/dL, PCOS, physical inactivity).

All patients beginning at age 35, regardless of risk factors.

Women diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every 3 years.

Patients with prediabetes should be tested yearly.

Patients with HIV.

Symptomatic: In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycaemia or hyperglycaemic crisis, a single random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL is sufficient to diagnose diabetes.

Asymptomatic: Requires two abnormal test results. Can be from the same sample (e.g., fasting glucose and HbA1c from one draw) or two separate test samples.

Discordant Results: If two different tests are performed and are discordant, the test whose result is above the diagnostic cut-point should be repeated. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the confirmed test.