Cardiovascular

Atrial fibrillation stroke and bleeding risk scores

Cardiovascular risk stratification is fundamental to preventive cardiology. The CHA2DS2-VASc score guides anticoagulation decisions in atrial fibrillation, while HAS-BLED quantifies bleeding risk to balance the net clinical benefit. These scores form the backbone of both ESC and AHA/ACC guideline recommendations for stroke prevention in AFib.

Acute coronary syndrome risk stratification

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) assessment relies on validated risk tools such as the HEART score for emergency department chest pain evaluation, TIMI risk scores for UA/NSTEMI and STEMI, and the GRACE score for in-hospital and 6-month mortality prediction. The ESC 0h/1h hs-troponin algorithm enables rapid rule-in and rule-out of NSTEMI.

Valvular heart disease hemodynamic assessment

Hemodynamic assessment in valvular heart disease requires precise calculations including the continuity equation for aortic valve area (AVA), the Gorlin formula for mitral valve area, and the PISA method for mitral regurgitant orifice area (EROA). These calculations guide the timing of valvular intervention as recommended by ESC/EACTS and AHA/ACC valvular heart disease guidelines.