Hematology

Thrombosis and hemostasis assessment requires precise diagnostic scoring. The 4Ts score estimates the pretest probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), guiding the decision to initiate alternative anticoagulation pending confirmatory laboratory testing. The Wells criteria for DVT and PE remain the standard for pre-test probability assessment.

Myelodysplastic syndrome prognosis is stratified using the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R), which incorporates cytogenetics, bone marrow blast percentage, hemoglobin, platelet count, and absolute neutrophil count to predict overall survival and AML transformation risk.

Malignant hematology staging relies on tools such as the International Prognostic Index (IPI) for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI), the International Staging System (ISS) and R2-ISS for multiple myeloma, and the Hasford and Sokal scores for chronic myeloid leukemia. These scores guide treatment selection between chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and cellular therapy approaches.